Treść głównego artykułu
Abstrakt
W artykule przedstawiono i przeanalizowano główne problemy występujące w Afgańskiej Policji Państwowej. Wśród nich należy wymienić złe zarządzanie, słabe wyszkolenie i wyekwipowanie, zmilitaryzowany charakter, ograniczoną lojalność funkcjonariuszy, nadużywanie przez nich przemocy i łamanie prawa, korupcję i problemy w finansowaniu, nierówności, dyskryminację i inne. W artykule dokonano niezbędnych ocen i wskazano kierunki koniecznych zmian. Główną tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że ze względu na powyższe problemy afgańska policja nie jest w stanie prawidłowo wykonywać powierzonych jej zadań, głównie tych o charakterze stricte policyjnym. Podstawową metodą badawczą wykorzystaną podczas pisania artykułu jest analiza źródeł tekstowych.
Słowa kluczowe
Afgańska Policja Państwowa
nielojalność
korupcja
brutalność
dyskryminacja
Afghan National Police
disloyalty
corruption
brutality
discrimination
Szczegóły artykułu
Licencja
Licencja
Autor/współautor upoważniony przez pozostałych współautorów do ich reprezentowania (autor korespondencyjny) zgłoszonego „utworu” oświadcza, że przysługują mu autorskie prawa do utworu, które nie są ograniczone w zakresie objętym niniejszym oświadczeniem. Utwór jest dziełem oryginalnym i nie narusza praw autorskich innych osób, ani nie jest ograniczony prawami na rzecz osób trzecich. Utwór nie był wcześniej publikowany pod tym samym lub innym tytułem, nie stanowi również części innej publikacji. Utwór nie jest obecnie przedmiotem postępowania w innym wydawnictwie.
Autor/Współautor zgłasza utwór do publikacji w czasopiśmie „Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego” i tym samym potwierdza, że:
- Utwór został przygotowany zgodnie z zasadami edytorskimi obowiązującymi w czasopiśmie.
- Utwór zawiera informacje o źródłach finansowania badań, które stanowiły podstawę jego opracowania.
- Wyraża zgodę na przekazanie utworu do podwójnej recenzji, na podstawie której redakcja podejmie decyzję o przyjęciu lub odrzuceniu utworu do publikacji.
- Wyraża zgodę na dokonanie przez redakcję koniecznych zmian utworu wynikających z opracowania redakcyjnego.
- Zobowiązuje się do niezwłocznego dokonania korekty autorskiej utworu, po jego akceptacji przez redakcję. Niedokonanie korekty autorskiej w terminie 14 dni od daty otrzymania materiałów, traktowane będzie za zgodę na wydanie utworu w postaci przekazanej do korekty.
Autor/Współautor zachowują prawa autorskie i prawa do publikacji, ale przenoszą prawo do pierwszej publikacji na czasopismo.
Autor/Współautor wyraża zgodę na udostępnianie utworu przez Uniwersytet Dolnośląski DSW na licencji:
Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe,
której pełny tekst dostępny jest na stronie internetowej: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode
Jak cytować
Jureńczyk, Łukasz. (2019). Afgańska Policja Państwowa jako organ bezpieczeństwa państwa. Uwarunkowania i determinanty jej funkcjonowania. Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego, 11(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.34862/rbm.2017.1.4
Bibliografia
-
Afghan National Police Working Group. (2011). The Police Challenge: Advancing Afghan National Police Training. Arlington. 13 June. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://project2049.net/documents/police_challenge_advancing_afghan_national_police_training.pdf.
Ahmed, A. (2015). The Hardest (and Most Important) Job in Afghanistan. 4 March. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/magazine/the-hardest-job-in-afghanistan.html?_r=1.
Barber, R. (2011). No Time to Lose: Promoting the Accountability of the Afghan National Security Forces. 10 May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/no-time-to-lose-promoting-the-accountability-of-the-afghan-national-security-fo-129343.
Bayley, D., Perito, R.M. (2011). Police Corruption. What Past Scandals Teach about Current Challenges. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. November. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR%20294.pdf.
Bienaimé, P. (2015). The US Can’t Totally Account For The $300 Million It Gives The Afghan Police Each Year. “Business Insider”, 12 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.businessinsider.com/afghanistans-national-police-is-likely-wasting-millions-in-us-funding-2015-1?IR=T.
Bruno, G. (2010). Afghanistan’s National Security Forces. 19 August. Pobrano 10 stycznia 2017, z: http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/afghanistans-national-security-forces/p19122.
Burns, W.J., Flournoy, M.A. Lindborg, N.E. (2016). U.S. Leadership and the Challenge of State Fragility. Washington. September. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/US-Leadership-and-the-Challenge-of-State-Fragility.pdf.
Chivers, C.J. (2010). After Push in Marja. Marines Try to Win Trust. “New York Times”, 28 February. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/01/world/asia/01marja.html.
Cordesman, A.H., Mausner, A., Lemieux, J. (2010). Afghan National Security Forces. What It Will Take to Implement the ISAF Strategy. Washington: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Department of Defense of the United States of America. (2014). Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan. Washington. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/Oct2014_Report_Final.pdf.
Deputy Minister for Strategy and Policy Department of Strategy Ministry of Interior Affairs Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2010). Afghan National Police Strategy. December. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://ipcb.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nps-final-version.pdf.
European Union Committee. (2011). The EU’s Afghan Police Mission. Report with Evidence, London, February. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldselect/ldeucom/87/87.pdf.
Evans, A., Manning, N., Osmani, Y., Tully, A., Wilder, A. (2004). A Guide to Government in Afghanistan, Washington: The World Bank.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2012). Afghan National Security Forces: Afghan Corruption and the Development of an Effective Fighting Force. 2 August. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/afghan-national-security-forces-afghan-corruption-and-the-development-of-an-effective-fighting-force/.
Friesendorf, C. (2011). Paramilitarization and Security Sector Reform: The Afghan National Police. “International Peacekeeping”, Vol. 18, No. 1.
Friesendorf, C., Krempel, J. (2011). Militarized versus Civilian Policing: Problems of Reforming the Afghan National Police. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif102.pdf.
Gopal, A. (2009). Can the National Police provide security in Afghanistan? “The Christian Science Monitor”, 9 July. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/0709/p06s02-wosc.html.
Harding, T., Kirkup, J. (2009). Afghan National Police penetrated by Taliban at ‘every level’. “The Telegraph”, 4 November. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6502175/Afghan-National-Police-penetrated-by-Taliban-at-every-level.html.
Hodes, C., Sedra, M. (2007). The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan, London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Hughes, M. (2014). The Afghan National Police in 2015 and Beyond. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR346_The_Afghan_National_Police_in_2015_and_Beyond.pdf.
Human Rights Watch. (2012). Afghanistan: Decree Increases Detainees’ Risk of torture. 10 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/10/afghanistan-decree-increases-detainees-risktorture.
Irwin, L.G. (2009). Reforming the Afghan National Police. “Joint Forces Quarterly”, Issue 52, 1st quarter.
Johnson, K. (2012). UN poll: Afghan police weak, but ready by 2014. 31 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700220648/UN-poll-Afghan-police-weak-but-ready-by-2014.html.
Jones, S.G. (2010). In the Graveyard of Empires. America’s War in Afghanistan, New York: Norton & Company.
Kaminski, T. (2008). Afganistan. Parła nist. Bydgoszcz, Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Branta.
Matishak, M. (2015). Corruption and Fraud Inside Afghanistan’s $600 Million Police Force. “The Fiscal Times”, 26 October. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2015/10/26/Corruptionand-Fraud-Inside-Afghanistan-s-600-Million-Police-Force.
Mikser, S. (2010). Preparing the Afghan National Security Forces for Transition. Brussels. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2084.
Ministry of Justice of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2005). Police Law, Kabul, O. G. No. 862, 22 September. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://moi.gov.af/Content/files/PoliceLaw.pdf.
Moetsabi, T. (b. d.). Afghan police force recruits women to fight crime and stigma. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/ourstories/afghan-women-join-police-force.html.
Murray, T. (2011). Report on the status of women in the Afghan National Police, Kabul, Ottawa. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: https://canadem.ca/documents/Tonita_Murray_Survey_Women_in_ANP.pdf.
Perito, R.M. (2009). Afghanistan’s Police. The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/afghanistan_police.pdf.
Perito, R.M. (2012). Afghanistan’s Civil Order Police. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR307.pdf.
Planty, D.J., Perito, R.M. (2013). Police Transition in Afghanistan. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. February. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR322.pdf.
Rhode, D. (2007). Overhaul of Afghan Police Is New Priority, “The New York Times”, 18 October. Pobrano 10.012017 r., z: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/world/asia/18afghan.html?pagewanted=print.
Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Foreign Policy Research Institute. (b. d.).
Reforming the Afghan National Police. London, Philadelphia. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.fpri.org/docs/ReformingAfghanNationalPolice.pdf.
Sand, B. (2007). Afghan Government Recruiting Thousands of Auxiliary Police to Battle Insurgents. “Voice of America”, 10 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-01-10-voa27.cfm.
Singh, D. (2014). Corruption and clientelism in the lower levels of the Afghan police. “Conflict, Security and Development”, Vol. 14, No. 5.
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. (2015). Afghan National Police: More than $300 Million in Annual, U.S.-funded Salary Payments Is Based on partially Verified or Reconciled Data. Washington. January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/audits/SIGAR-15-26-AR.pdf.
Tarabay, J. (2015). Afghanistan’s $3,6 billion police problem: Broken systems and corruption. 12 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/1/12/afghanistan-s-3-6billionpoliceproblembrokensystemsandcorruption.html.
The Asia Foundation. (2016). Afghanistan in 2016. A Survey of the Afghan People. Kabul. Pobrano 10 stycznia 2017, z: http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016_Survey-of-the-Afghan-People_full-survey.Jan2017.pdf.
The Organization and Structure of the Afghan National Police. (2014). February. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://touchpointidg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/8.3-Organization-and-Structure-of-the-ANP_FEB_2014.pdf.
United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2011). Human Rights and Democracy: The 2010 Foreign & Commonwealth Office Report. London. March. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408381/accessible-hrd-report-2010.pdf.
United Nations Development Programme. (b. d.). Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOTFA). Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/operations/projects/crisis_prevention_and_recovery/lotfa.html.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Office in Kabul. (b. d.). Literacy for Empowerment of Afghan Police (LEAP). Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/kabul/education/literacy-for-empowerment-of-afghan-police-leap/.
Zimmerman, R. (2015). The Afghan Government at War,W: G.A. Mattox, S.M. Grenier (red.), Coalition Challenges in Afghanistan. The Politics of Alliance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bibliografia
Afghan National Police Working Group. (2011). The Police Challenge: Advancing Afghan National Police Training. Arlington. 13 June. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://project2049.net/documents/police_challenge_advancing_afghan_national_police_training.pdf.
Ahmed, A. (2015). The Hardest (and Most Important) Job in Afghanistan. 4 March. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/magazine/the-hardest-job-in-afghanistan.html?_r=1.
Barber, R. (2011). No Time to Lose: Promoting the Accountability of the Afghan National Security Forces. 10 May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/no-time-to-lose-promoting-the-accountability-of-the-afghan-national-security-fo-129343.
Bayley, D., Perito, R.M. (2011). Police Corruption. What Past Scandals Teach about Current Challenges. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. November. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR%20294.pdf.
Bienaimé, P. (2015). The US Can’t Totally Account For The $300 Million It Gives The Afghan Police Each Year. “Business Insider”, 12 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.businessinsider.com/afghanistans-national-police-is-likely-wasting-millions-in-us-funding-2015-1?IR=T.
Bruno, G. (2010). Afghanistan’s National Security Forces. 19 August. Pobrano 10 stycznia 2017, z: http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/afghanistans-national-security-forces/p19122.
Burns, W.J., Flournoy, M.A. Lindborg, N.E. (2016). U.S. Leadership and the Challenge of State Fragility. Washington. September. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/US-Leadership-and-the-Challenge-of-State-Fragility.pdf.
Chivers, C.J. (2010). After Push in Marja. Marines Try to Win Trust. “New York Times”, 28 February. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/01/world/asia/01marja.html.
Cordesman, A.H., Mausner, A., Lemieux, J. (2010). Afghan National Security Forces. What It Will Take to Implement the ISAF Strategy. Washington: Center for Strategic & International Studies. Department of Defense of the United States of America. (2014). Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan. Washington. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/Oct2014_Report_Final.pdf.
Deputy Minister for Strategy and Policy Department of Strategy Ministry of Interior Affairs Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2010). Afghan National Police Strategy. December. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://ipcb.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/nps-final-version.pdf.
European Union Committee. (2011). The EU’s Afghan Police Mission. Report with Evidence, London, February. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldselect/ldeucom/87/87.pdf.
Evans, A., Manning, N., Osmani, Y., Tully, A., Wilder, A. (2004). A Guide to Government in Afghanistan, Washington: The World Bank.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2012). Afghan National Security Forces: Afghan Corruption and the Development of an Effective Fighting Force. 2 August. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/afghan-national-security-forces-afghan-corruption-and-the-development-of-an-effective-fighting-force/.
Friesendorf, C. (2011). Paramilitarization and Security Sector Reform: The Afghan National Police. “International Peacekeeping”, Vol. 18, No. 1.
Friesendorf, C., Krempel, J. (2011). Militarized versus Civilian Policing: Problems of Reforming the Afghan National Police. Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif102.pdf.
Gopal, A. (2009). Can the National Police provide security in Afghanistan? “The Christian Science Monitor”, 9 July. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/0709/p06s02-wosc.html.
Harding, T., Kirkup, J. (2009). Afghan National Police penetrated by Taliban at ‘every level’. “The Telegraph”, 4 November. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/6502175/Afghan-National-Police-penetrated-by-Taliban-at-every-level.html.
Hodes, C., Sedra, M. (2007). The Search for Security in Post-Taliban Afghanistan, London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Hughes, M. (2014). The Afghan National Police in 2015 and Beyond. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR346_The_Afghan_National_Police_in_2015_and_Beyond.pdf.
Human Rights Watch. (2012). Afghanistan: Decree Increases Detainees’ Risk of torture. 10 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/10/afghanistan-decree-increases-detainees-risktorture.
Irwin, L.G. (2009). Reforming the Afghan National Police. “Joint Forces Quarterly”, Issue 52, 1st quarter.
Johnson, K. (2012). UN poll: Afghan police weak, but ready by 2014. 31 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700220648/UN-poll-Afghan-police-weak-but-ready-by-2014.html.
Jones, S.G. (2010). In the Graveyard of Empires. America’s War in Afghanistan, New York: Norton & Company.
Kaminski, T. (2008). Afganistan. Parła nist. Bydgoszcz, Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Branta.
Matishak, M. (2015). Corruption and Fraud Inside Afghanistan’s $600 Million Police Force. “The Fiscal Times”, 26 October. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/2015/10/26/Corruptionand-Fraud-Inside-Afghanistan-s-600-Million-Police-Force.
Mikser, S. (2010). Preparing the Afghan National Security Forces for Transition. Brussels. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=2084.
Ministry of Justice of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2005). Police Law, Kabul, O. G. No. 862, 22 September. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://moi.gov.af/Content/files/PoliceLaw.pdf.
Moetsabi, T. (b. d.). Afghan police force recruits women to fight crime and stigma. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourwork/ourstories/afghan-women-join-police-force.html.
Murray, T. (2011). Report on the status of women in the Afghan National Police, Kabul, Ottawa. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: https://canadem.ca/documents/Tonita_Murray_Survey_Women_in_ANP.pdf.
Perito, R.M. (2009). Afghanistan’s Police. The Weak Link in Security Sector Reform. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/afghanistan_police.pdf.
Perito, R.M. (2012). Afghanistan’s Civil Order Police. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR307.pdf.
Planty, D.J., Perito, R.M. (2013). Police Transition in Afghanistan. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. February. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR322.pdf.
Rhode, D. (2007). Overhaul of Afghan Police Is New Priority, “The New York Times”, 18 October. Pobrano 10.012017 r., z: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/world/asia/18afghan.html?pagewanted=print.
Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, Foreign Policy Research Institute. (b. d.).
Reforming the Afghan National Police. London, Philadelphia. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.fpri.org/docs/ReformingAfghanNationalPolice.pdf.
Sand, B. (2007). Afghan Government Recruiting Thousands of Auxiliary Police to Battle Insurgents. “Voice of America”, 10 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.voanews.com/english/2007-01-10-voa27.cfm.
Singh, D. (2014). Corruption and clientelism in the lower levels of the Afghan police. “Conflict, Security and Development”, Vol. 14, No. 5.
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. (2015). Afghan National Police: More than $300 Million in Annual, U.S.-funded Salary Payments Is Based on partially Verified or Reconciled Data. Washington. January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/audits/SIGAR-15-26-AR.pdf.
Tarabay, J. (2015). Afghanistan’s $3,6 billion police problem: Broken systems and corruption. 12 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/1/12/afghanistan-s-3-6billionpoliceproblembrokensystemsandcorruption.html.
The Asia Foundation. (2016). Afghanistan in 2016. A Survey of the Afghan People. Kabul. Pobrano 10 stycznia 2017, z: http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016_Survey-of-the-Afghan-People_full-survey.Jan2017.pdf.
The Organization and Structure of the Afghan National Police. (2014). February. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://touchpointidg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/8.3-Organization-and-Structure-of-the-ANP_FEB_2014.pdf.
United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office. (2011). Human Rights and Democracy: The 2010 Foreign & Commonwealth Office Report. London. March. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408381/accessible-hrd-report-2010.pdf.
United Nations Development Programme. (b. d.). Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOTFA). Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.af.undp.org/content/afghanistan/en/home/operations/projects/crisis_prevention_and_recovery/lotfa.html.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Office in Kabul. (b. d.). Literacy for Empowerment of Afghan Police (LEAP). Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/kabul/education/literacy-for-empowerment-of-afghan-police-leap/.
Zimmerman, R. (2015). The Afghan Government at War,W: G.A. Mattox, S.M. Grenier (red.), Coalition Challenges in Afghanistan. The Politics of Alliance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Ahmed, A. (2015). The Hardest (and Most Important) Job in Afghanistan. 4 March. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/magazine/the-hardest-job-in-afghanistan.html?_r=1.
Barber, R. (2011). No Time to Lose: Promoting the Accountability of the Afghan National Security Forces. 10 May. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/no-time-to-lose-promoting-the-accountability-of-the-afghan-national-security-fo-129343.
Bayley, D., Perito, R.M. (2011). Police Corruption. What Past Scandals Teach about Current Challenges. United States Institute of Peace Special Report. Washington. November. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR%20294.pdf.
Bienaimé, P. (2015). The US Can’t Totally Account For The $300 Million It Gives The Afghan Police Each Year. “Business Insider”, 12 January. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.businessinsider.com/afghanistans-national-police-is-likely-wasting-millions-in-us-funding-2015-1?IR=T.
Bruno, G. (2010). Afghanistan’s National Security Forces. 19 August. Pobrano 10 stycznia 2017, z: http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/afghanistans-national-security-forces/p19122.
Burns, W.J., Flournoy, M.A. Lindborg, N.E. (2016). U.S. Leadership and the Challenge of State Fragility. Washington. September. Pobrano 10.01.2017 r., z: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/US-Leadership-and-the-Challenge-of-State-Fragility.pdf.
Chivers, C.J. (2010). After Push in Marja. Marines Try to Win Trust. “New York Times”, 28 February. Pobrano 10.01. 2017 r., z: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/01/world/asia/01marja.html.
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