Treść głównego artykułu

Abstrakt

Artykuł prezentuje wpływ państw rachitycznych (fragile states) na współczesną strategię bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Przeprowadzona analiza ma na celu przedstawienie fundamentalnych czynników odpowiedzialnych za zagrożenia jakie zdestabilizowane fragile states stwarzają dla współczesnych systemów bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Podstawowe pytania badawcze dotyczą zagadnień odpowiedzialnych za różne formy antagonizmów destabilizujących sytuację społeczno-polityczną państw rachitycznych. Aby osiągnąć powyższy cel badawczy autor ukazuje złożoną specyfikę państw kruchych i upadających w kontekście wielowymiarowej dynamiki współczesnych przemian geopolitycznych. Prezentowany dyskurs wskazuje na wyraźną niejednoznaczność, ambiwalencję znaczeniową, wieloaspektowość, a nawet niespójność koncepcji państwa rachitycznego, zwłaszcza w kontekście omawianych aspektów. To właśnie dlatego powyższe kwestie uważane są za sferę najbardziej zawikłanych i „nikczemnych” problemów współczesnego świata dotykających w sposób szczególny peryferyjnych obszarów Trzeciego Świata. Zdiagnozowanie wpływu omawianych czynników może zatem pomóc w kształtowaniu bardziej efektywnej strategii bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, jak też tworzeniu lepszych programów wsparcia umożliwiających efektywne rozwiązywanie wielorakich problemów nękających państwa rachityczne. Ponadto, znalezienie odpowiedzi na tak postawione pytania badawcze jest niezwykle istotne w kontekście współczesnych globalnych przemian politycznych, które - w połączeniu z kwestią tzw. „poprawności politycznej” – stają się poważnym wyzwaniem dla całej globalnej koncepcji bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego.

Słowa kluczowe

państwo rachityczne destabilizacja polityczna stosunki międzynarodowe zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego strategia bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego fragile states political destabilization International Relations threats to international security International Security Strategy

Szczegóły artykułu

Jak cytować
Ficek, R. (2022). Państwa rachityczne jako wyzwanie dla współczesnej koncepcji bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego, 16(1), 23–53. https://doi.org/10.34862/rbm.2022.1.3

Bibliografia

  1. A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. (2004). Report of the Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. United Nations. Accessed: https://www.un.org/peacebuilding/sites/www.un.org.peacebuilding/files/documents/hlp_more_secure_world.pdf [15.06.2022].
  2. Abadie, A. (2006). Poverty, Political Freedom and the Roots of Terrorism. The American Economic Review, 96(2), 55–56. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282806777211847
  3. Akanbi O.A., Gueorguiev. N., Honda. J., Metha, P., Moriyama, K., Primus, K., & Sy, M. (2021). Avoid the Fall or Fly Again: Turning Points of State Fragility (Working Paper No. 2021/133). International Monetary Found. Accessed: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/05/06/Avoid-a-Fall-or-Fly-Again-Turning-Points-of-State-Fragility-50242 [20.12.2021].
  4. Albanese, J.S. (2018). Countering Transnational Crime and Corruption: The Urge to Action Versus the Patience to Evaluate. Justice Evaluation Journal, 1(1), 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2018.1478234
  5. Albert, I.O., & Oleyede, I.O. (Eds.). (2010). Dynamics of the Peace Process. Center for Peace and Strategic Studies University of Ilorin.
  6. Andersen, L. (2008). Fragile States on the International Agenda. In: L. Engberg-Pedersen, L. Andersen, F. Stepputat, D. Jung (Eds.), Fragile Situations (pp. 7–20). Danish Institute for International Studies.
  7. Ault, J.K., & Spicer, A. (2020). State fragility as a multidimensional construct for international entrepreneurship research and practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 37, 981–1011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-09641-1
  8. Baliamoune-Lutz, M., & McGillivray, M. (2011). State Fragility: Concept and Measurement. In: W. Naude, A.U. Santos-Paulino, & M. McGillivray (Eds.), Fragile States: Causes, Costs, and Responses (pp. 33–42). Oxford University Press.
  9. Bergen, P., & Garrett, L. (2005). Report of the Working Group on State Security and Transnational Threats. Princeton Project on U.S. National Security. Accessed: https://www.arnoldporter.com/-/media/files/perspectives/publications/2005/01/report-of-the-working-group-on-state-security-an__/files/publication/fileattachment/report-of-the-working-group-on-state-security.pdf? [10.04.2022].
  10. BMZ. (2007). Development-Oriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance (Strategies 153). German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.
  11. Boas, M., & Jennings, K.M. (2005). Insecurity and Development: The Rhetoric of the ‘Failed State’. The European Journal of Development Research, 17(3), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09578810500209148
  12. Brinkerhoff, D.W. (2011). State Fragility and Governance: Conflict Mitigation and Sub-national Perspectives. Development Policy Review, 29(2), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00529.x
  13. Brock, L., Holm, H.-H., Sorenson, G., & Stohl, M. (2012). Fragile States: Violence and Failure of Intervention. Polity Press.
  14. Call, C.T. (2011). Beyond the ‘Failed State: Toward Conceptual Alternatives. European Journal of International Relations, 17(2), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066109353137
  15. Cammack, D, McLeod, D., Rocha M.A., & Christiansen, K. (2006). Donors and the Fragile States’ Agenda: A Survey of Current Thinking and Practice. Overseas Development Institute. Accessed: https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/1955.pdf [17.06.2021].
  16. Carlson, C.L., & Kosal, M.E. (2017). Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation: Leveraging Special Operations Forces to Shape the Environment. Joint Special Operations University Press Occasional Paper & U.S. Army War College. Accessed: https://jsou.edu/Press/PublicationDashboard/68 [10.05.2022].
  17. Carment, D., Landry, J., Samy, Y., & Shaw, S. (2015). Towards a Theory of Fragile state Transitions: Evidence from Yemen, Bangladesh and Laos. Third World Quarterly, 36(7), 1316–1332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1037830
  18. Carment, D., Prest, S., & Samy, Y. (2010). Security, Development, and the Fragile State: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Policy. Routledge.
  19. Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2014). The concept of energy security: Beyond the four As. Energy Policy, 75(12), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.005
  20. Council of the European Union. (2007). Council Conclusions on an EU response to situations of fragility (2831st External Relations Council meeting Brussels, 19-20 November 2007). Accessed: https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/public-fragility/documents/council-conclusions-eu-response-situations-fragility [19.11.2021].
  21. Dempsey, G.-T. (2002, March 21). Old Folly in a New Disguise: Nation Building to Combat Terrorism. Policy Analysis, 429, 8–13 (CATO Institute). Accessed: https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa429.pdf [11.04.2022].
  22. Di John, J. (2010). The Concept, Causes, and Consequences of Failed States: A Critical Review of the Literature and Agenda for Research with Specific Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. European Journal of Development Research, 22(1), 10-30. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.44
  23. Elagin, D.P. (2021). Conceptual Perspectives on State Fragility. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 14(4), 107–135. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2021-4-79-107-135
  24. Faust, J., Gravingholt, J., & Ziaja, S. (2015). Foreign Aid and the Fragile Consensus on State Fragility. Journal of International Relations and Development, 18(4), 407–427. https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2013.23
  25. Ferreira, I.A. (2017). Measuring State Fragility: a Review of the Theoretical Groundings of Existing Approaches. Third World Quarterly, 38(6), 1291–1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1257907
  26. Ficek, R. (2022). The idea of a fragile state: Emergence, conceptualization, and application in international political practice. Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations, (2/11). https://doi.org/10.12688/stomiedintrelat.17468.1
  27. Fragile States Index Annual Report 2021. (2021). The Fund for Peace. Accessed: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/fsi2021-report.pdf [16.04.2022].
  28. Gil, G. (2015). Upadanie państwa w stosunkach międzynarodowych po zimnej wojnie. UMCS Publishing House.
  29. Gisselquist, R.M. (2014). Aid and Institution-Building in Fragile States: What do We Know? What Can Comparative Analysis Add? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 656(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214546991
  30. Grimm, S., Lemay-Hebert, N., & Nay, O. (2014). 'Fragile States': Introducing a Political Concept. Third World Quarterly, 35(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.878127
  31. Haass, R.-N. (2003, January 14). Sovereignty: Existing Rights, Evolving Responsibilities: Remarks to the School of Foreign Service and the Mortara Center for International Studies. Georgetown University. Accessed: https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/p/rem/2003/16648.htm [16.09.2021].
  32. Hagmann, T., & Hoehne, M.V. (2009). Failures of the State Failure Debate: Evidence from the Somali Territories. Journal of International Development, 21(1), 42–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1482
  33. Hussain, T. (2005). U.S.-Pakistan Engagement: The War on Terrorism and Beyond (Special Report). United States Institute of Peace. Accessed: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr145.pdf [10.03.2022].
  34. Independent Evaluation Group. (2006). Engaging with Fragile States: An IEG Review of World Bank Support to Low-Income Countries Under Stress. The World Bank. Accessed: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7155 [17.06.2021].
  35. IPI Blue Papers. (2009). Transnational Organized Crime: Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity (IPI Blue Paper no 2). International Peace Institute. Accessed: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/toc_final.pdf [08.03.2022].
  36. Jackson, R.H. (1987). Quasi-states, dual regimes, and neoclassical theory: International jurisprudence and the Third World. International Organization, 41(4), 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027594
  37. Jackson, R.H., & Rosberg, C.H. (1982). Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood. World Politics, 35(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010277
  38. Johansson, B. (2013). Security aspects of future renewable energy systems - a short overview. Energy, 61, 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.023
  39. Klare, M. (2001). Resource Wars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. Henry Holt and Company.
  40. Koch, M.T., & Cranmer, S. (2007). Testing the "Dick Cheney" Hypothesis: Do Governments of the Left Attract More Terrorism than Governments of the Right? Conflict Management and Peace Science, 24(4), 311–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388940701643672
  41. Krasner, S.-D., & Pascual, C. (2005). Addressing State Failure. Foreign Affairs, 84(4), 153–163. Accessed: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/addressing-state-failure [15.03.2022].
  42. Kuciński, J. (2003). Podstawy wiedzy o państwie. C. H. Beck Publishing House.
  43. Labonté, R., & Gagnon, M. (2010). Framing Health and Foreign Policy: Lessons for Global Health Diplomacy. Globalization and Health, 6(14), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-14
  44. Lambach, D., Johannis, E., & Bayer, M. (2015). The Causes of State Collapse: Results from a QCA Analysis. (COMPASSS Working Paper 2015-80). Accessed: http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/LambachJohaisBayer2015.pdf [17.04.2022].
  45. Lamont, C.H. (2021). Research Methods in International Relations. Sage.
  46. Langewiesche, W. (2005, November). The Wrath of Khan. The Atlantic. Accessed: https://www. theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/the-wrath-of-khan/304333/ [22.09.2021].
  47. Lipset, S.-M. (1984). Social Conflict, legitimacy, and Democracy. [In:] W. Connolly (Ed.), Legitimacy and the State (pp. 88–103). New York University Press.
  48. Marineau, J., Pascoe, H., Braithwaite, A., Findley, M., & Young, J. (2020). The Local Geography of Transnational Terrorism. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 37(3), 350–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894218789356
  49. Mata, J.F., & Ziaja, S. (2009). Users’ guide on measuring fragility. German Development Institute/United Nations Development Programme. Accessed: https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/usersguide_measure_fragility_ogc09_0.pdf [10.03.2022].
  50. Meagher, P. (2008). Service Delivery in Fragile States: Key Concepts, Findings and Lessons. OECD Journal on Development, 9(3), 7–60. https://doi.org/10.1787/journal_dev-v9-art26-en
  51. Mir, A. (2020). Afghanistan’s Terrorism Challenge the Political Trajectories of Al-Qaeda, the Afghan Taliban, and the Islamic State (Policy Paper). The Middle East Institute. Accessed: https://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/2020-10/Afghanistan%27s%20Terrorism%20Challenge.pdf [10.03.2022].
  52. Morris, R. (2017). Energy, fragility and conflict (EEG Briefing Note). Applied Research Programme on Energy and Economic Growth. Accessed: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a26946f40f0b659d1fca8d5/Line_34_-_EEG_FCAS_Briefing_Note.28.06.2017.v1.pdf [17.04.2022].
  53. Muszyński, M. (2012). Państwo w prawie międzynarodowym: Istota, rodzaje i atrybuty. STO Publishing House.
  54. Nakamura, K.H., & Epstein, S.-B. (2007, August the 23rd). Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Transformational Diplomacy. CRS Report for Congress. Accessed: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL34141.pdf [15.03.2022].
  55. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. (2006). The White House. Accessed: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/ [17.09.2021].
  56. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. (2002). The White House. Accessed: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/index.html [17.09.2021].
  57. Myrdal, G.K. (1969). The Soft States of South Asia: The Civil Servant Problem. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 25(4), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1969.11455198
  58. Naude, W., Santos-Paulino A.U., & McGillivray M. (Eds.). (2011). Fragile States: Causes, Costs, and Responses. Oxford University Press.
  59. Nay, O. (2013). Fragile and failed states: Critical perspectives on conceptual hybrids. International Political Science Review, 34(3), 326–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512113480054
  60. Nay, O. (2014). International Organizations and the Production of Hegemonic Knowledge: How the World Bank and the OECD Helped Invent the Fragile State Concept. Third World Quarterly, 35(2), 210–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.878128
  61. Odhiambo, A. (1991). The Economics of Conflict among Marginalized Peoples of Eastern Africa. In: F. M. Deng, & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), Conflict Resolution in Africa (pp. 292–296). Brookings Institute.
  62. OECD. (2007). Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations. OECD Publishing. Accessed: https://www.oecd.org/dac/conflict-fragility-resilience/docs/38368714.pdf [17.03.2022].
  63. OECD. (2011). Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility: Policy Guidance. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264074989-en
  64. OECD. (2016). States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264267213-en
  65. OECD. (2020a). Covid-19, Crises and Fragility. OECD Publishing. Accessed: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/covid-19-crises-and-fragility-2f17a262/#biblio-d1e765 [17.03.2022].
  66. OECD. (2020b). States of Fragility 2020. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/ba7c22e7-en
  67. OECD. (2022). The Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus Interim Progress Review. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/2f620ca5-en
  68. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. (2022, February the 7th). Annual Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community. Accessed: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ATA-2022-Unclassified-Report.pdf [14.06.2022].
  69. Pašagić, A. (2020). Failed States and Terrorism. Justifiability of Transnational Interventions from a Counterterrorism Perspective. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3), 19–28. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2020/issue-3/pasagic.pdf [15.06.2022].
  70. Patrick, S. (2011). Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats, and International Security. Oxford University Press.
  71. Piazza, J.-A. (2007). Draining the Swamp: Democracy Promotion, State Failure, and Terrorism in 19 Middle Eastern Countries. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 30(6), 521–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100701329576
  72. Quinn, J. M., Martins, N., Cunha, M., Higuchi, M., Murphy D., & Bencko V. (2014). Fragile States, Infectious Disease and Health Security: The Case for Timor-Leste. Journal of Human Security, 10(1), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.12924/johs2014.10010014
  73. Rice, S.E., & Patrick, S. (2008). Index of State Weakness in the Developing World. The Brookings Institution. Accessed: https://www.brookings.edu/research/index-of-state-weakness-in-the-developing-world/ [12.03.2022].
  74. Saeed, R. (2020). The Ubiquity of State Fragility: Fault Lines in the Categorization and Conceptualization of Failed and Fragile States. Social & Legal Studies, 29(6), 767–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663920906453
  75. Stewart, P. (2007). ‘Failed’ States and Global Security: Empirical Questions and Policy Dilemmas. International Studies Review, 9(4), 644–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00728.x
  76. Stigall, D.-E. (2013). Ungoverned Spaces, Transnational Crime, and the Prohibition on Extraterritorial Enforcement Jurisdiction in International Law. Notre Dame Journal of International and Comparative Law, 3(1), 1–50. Accessed: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjicl/vol3/iss1/4 [15.04.2022].
  77. Sørensen, G. (2001). Changes in Statehood: The Transformation of International Relations. Palgrave.
  78. The Fund for Peace. (2011). Failed States Index 2011 and Conflict Assessment Indicators: Country Analysis Indicators and their Measures. The Fund for Peace Publication.
  79. Torres, M.M., & Anderson, M. (2004). Fragile States: Defining Difficult Environments for Poverty Reduction (PRDE Working Paper 12822). UK Department for International Development. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.12822
  80. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (2005a). 2005 World Drug Report. United Nations Publications. Accessed: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2005.html [10.02.2022].
  81. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (2005b). Transnational Organized Crime in the West African Region. United Nations Publications. Accessed: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/transnational_crime_west-africa-05.pdf [10.02.2022].
  82. Veron, P., & Hauck, V. (2021, June 21). Connecting the pieces of the puzzle: The EU’s implementation of the humanitarian-development-peace nexus (Discussion Paper No. 301). European Centre for Development Policy Management. Accessed: https://ecdpm.org/application/files/8816/5546/8571/Connecting-Pieces-Puzzle-EU-Implementation-Humanitarian-Development-Peace-Nexus-ECDPM-Discussion-Paper-301-2021.pdf [17.03.2022].
  83. Zoellick, R.B. (2008). Fragile States: Securing Development. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 50(6), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330802601859