Treść głównego artykułu

Abstrakt

6 lutego 2023 r. południowo-wschodnią Turcję oraz północną część Syrii nawiedziło silne trzęsienie ziemi. W rejon dotknięty katastrofą udało się wiele międzynarodowych grup poszukiwawczo-ratowniczych. Na tle tych wydarzeń autor omawia najważniejsze aspekty funkcjonowania międzynarodowych systemów ochrony ludności, skupiając się na tych, które są bezpośrednio związane z delegowaniem ekip ratowniczych w rejon dotknięty trzęsieniem ziemi. Ponadto omówione zostały kluczowe etapy działań ratowniczych prowadzonych przez grupę z Polski (HUSAR Poland) wraz z odniesieniami do teoretycznych zagadnień organizacji pracy zespołów oraz pomocy osobom poszkodowanym. Analizowane w artykule działania międzynarodowych systemów pomocy oraz statystyki przedstawiające liczbę wydobytych przez grupy poszukiwawczo-ratownicze osób potwierdzają ich skuteczność w ratowaniu życia.

Słowa kluczowe

trzęsienie ziemi grupy poszukiwawczo-ratownicze Europejski Mechanizm Ochrony Ludności ciężka grupa poszukiwawczo-ratownicza HUSAR Poland earthquake search and rescue groups European Civil Protection Mechanism heavy search and rescue group HUSAR Poland

Szczegóły artykułu

Jak cytować
Mucha, M. (2023). Międzynarodowe mechanizmy pomocy krajom dotkniętym katastrofą oraz działania ratownicze zespołów poszukiwawczo-ratowniczych na przykładzie misji polskiej ciężkiej grupy poszukiwawczo-ratowniczej po trzęsieniu ziemi w Turcji. Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego, 17(1), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.34862/rbm.2023.1.6

Bibliografia

  1. Alexandrova-Arbatova, N. (2022). Implications of the Russia-Ukraine Crisis for the Middle East and North Africa. Geographical Overview, 225-228. https://www.iemed.org/publication/implications-of-the-russia-ukraine-crisis-for-the-middle-east-and-north-africa
  2. Al-Monitor Staff. (2022, February 4). US approves $4.2 billion F-16 sale to Jordan, air defense systems to Gulf. Al-Monitor. https://www.almonitor.com/originals/2022/02/us-approves-42-billion-f-16-sale-jordan-air-defense-systems-gulf
  3. Aras, B., & Yorulmazlar, E. (2017). Mideast Geopolitics: The Struggle for a New Order. Middle East Policy, 2(24), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12267
  4. Askari, H. (2013). Conflicts in the Persian Gulf: Origins and Evolution. Palgrave Macmillan.
  5. Baker, P., & Hubbard, B. (2022, June 2). Biden to Travel to Saudi Arabia, Ending Its ‘Pariah’ Status. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/02/us/politics/biden-saudi-arabia.html
  6. Bianco, C., & Stansfield, G. (2018). The intra-GCC crises: Mapping GCC fragmentation after 2011. International Affairs, 3(94), 613-635. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiy025
  7. Blanchard, C. M., Arieff, A., Bowen, A. S., Humud, C. E., Sharp, J. M., Thomas, C., Welt, C., & Zanotti, J. (2022). Middle East and North Africa: Implications of 2022 Russia-Ukraine War. Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/R47160.pdf
  8. Buzan, B. (1989). People, States, and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations. Wheatsheaf Books.
  9. Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. Cambridge University Press.
  10. Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & J, Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner.
  11. Cafiero, G. (2022, March 4). Gulf states cautiously navigate war on Ukraine. Al-Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/4/analysis-gulf-states-cautiously-navigate-war-on-ukraine
  12. Cafiero, G. (2023, February 22). Where has the Ukraine Conflict Left Gulf States? Italian Institute for International Political Studies. https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/where-has-the-ukraine-conflict-left-gulf-states-116712
  13. Calabrese, J. (2020). The Saudi-Iran Sytrategic Rivalry: Like Fire and Dynamite. In I. Mansour & W. Thompson (Eds.), Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa (pp. 59-79). Georgetown University Press.
  14. Carter, J. (1980, January 23). 138. Address by President Carter on the State of the Union Before a Joint Session of Congress. United States Department of State. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v01/d138 [25.03.2023].
  15. Chausovsky, E. (2023, February 9). Persian Gulf States May Be the Best Mediators for Peace in Ukraine. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/09/persian-gulf-states-mediators-peace-ukraine-russia-west
  16. Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/exports-partners/ [15.03.2023].
  17. Emmons, A. (2018, August 1). Saudi Arabia Planned to Invade Qatar Last Summer. Rex Tillerson’s Efforts to Stop It May Have Cost Him His Job. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/rex-tillerson-qatar-saudi-uae/
  18. Gause, F. G. (2011). Saudi Arabia’s Regional Security Strategy. In M. Kamrava (Ed.), International Politics of the Persian Gulf (pp. 169-183). Syracuse University Press.
  19. Gause, F. G. (2010). The International Relations of the Persian Gulf. Cambridge University Press.
  20. Gause, F. G. (2007). Threats and Threat Perceptions in the Persian Gulf Region. Middle East Policy, 2(14), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2007.00302.x
  21. Grajewski, N. (2020, March 12). Friends or Frenemies? How Russia and Iran Compete and Cooperate. Foreign Policy Research Institute. https://www.fpri.org/article/2020/03/friends-or-frenemies-how-russia-and-iran-compete-and-cooperate/
  22. Han, J., & Hakimian, H. (2019). The Regional Security Complex in the Persian Gulf: The Contours of Iran’s GCC Policy, Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 4(13), 493-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2019.1682300
  23. Hashim, A. S. (2022). Security & Defense in Small States: Qatar, the UAE and Singapore. Middle East Policy, 3(27), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12511
  24. Hashmi, S. (2022, May 5). Wealthy Russians flee to Dubai to avoid sanctions. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-61257448
  25. How much petroleum does the United states import and export? (2023). U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=727&t=6 [30.03.2023].
  26. Issaev, L. & Kozhanov, N. (2021). Diversifying relationships: Russian policy toward GCC. International Politics, (58), 884-902. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00286-4
  27. Katz, M. (2017). The Gulf and the Great Powers: Evolving Dynamics. Middle East Policy, 2(24), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12271
  28. Kennan Institute and Institute for Policy and Strategy. (2022). Russia in the Middle East: National Security Challenges for the United States and Israel in the Biden Era. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/report-russia-middle-east-national-security-challenges-united-states-and-israel-biden
  29. Keynoush, B. (2016). Saudi Arabia and Iran: Friends or Foes? Palgrave Macmillan.
  30. Kilani, A. (2022, February 2). Turbulent Skies for Gulf F-35 Deals. The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. https://agsiw.org/turbulent-skies-for-gulf-f-35-deals
  31. Kozhanov, N. (2021). Introduction. In N. Kozhanov (Ed.), Russia's Relations with the GCC and Iran (pp. 1-20). Palgrave Macmillan.
  32. Lee, M. & Madhani, A. (2022, August 24). Biden administration responds to Iran’s offer to resume nuclear deal. PBS News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/biden-administration-responds-to-irans-offer-to-resume-nuclear-deal
  33. Legrenzi, M & Lawson, H. (2019). External Intervention in the Gulf. In M. S. Jägerskog (Ed.), Middle East Security (pp. 66-79). Routledge.
  34. Memorandum on the Designation of the State of Qatar as a Major Non-NATO Ally. (2022, March 10). The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2022/03/10/memorandum-on-the-designation-of-the-state-of-qatar-as-a-major-non-nato-ally/
  35. Nusseibeh, L. (2022, September 30). UAE Explanation of Vote at the UN Security Council Meeting on Ukraine. Permanent Mission of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations. https://uaeun.org/statement/uae-unsc-ukraineeov-30sept/
  36. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. (2018, December 3). Qatar gives notice of its withdrawal from OPEC. https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/5261.htm (2022, March 10).
  37. Parmeter, I. (2021). New-Old Key Player: What to Expect from Russia’s Growing Role in the Middle East. In N. Kozhanov (Ed.), Russia's Relations with the GCC and Iran (pp. 21-51). Palgrave Macmillan.
  38. Phillips, C. (2017). Eyes Bigger than Stomachs: Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar in Syria. Middle East Policy, 1(24), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12250
  39. Priya, L. (2022, March 21). Gulf Responses to the Ukraine Crisis. The Indian Council of World Affairs. https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=7193&lid=4861
  40. Qarjouli, A. (2022, March 3). Qatar votes on UN resolution demanding Russia’s withdrawal from Ukraine. Doha News. https://dohanews.co/qatar-votes-on-un-resolution-demanding-russias-withdrawal-from-ukraine
  41. Rahman, F. (2021, December 12). UAE and Russia trade set to rise 21% to hit $4bn in 2021. National News. https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/2021/12/12/uae-and-russia-trade-set-to-rise-21-to-hit-4bn-in-2021
  42. Rodkiewicz, W., & Żochowski, P. (2021, March 23). Russia activates its policy in the Persian Gulf region. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2021-03-23/russia-activates-its-policy-persian-gulf-region
  43. Saudi Crown Prince affirms to Zelenskyy support to Ukraine crisis de-escalation. (2022, March 4). Al-Arabiya. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2022/03/04/Saudi-Crown-Prince-affirms-to-Zelenskyy-support-to-Ukraine-crisis-de-escalation
  44. Surkov, N. (2021). Russian Foreign Policy in the Gulf: A Quest for Regional Partnerships and Opportunities. In N. Kozhanov (Ed.), Russia's Relations with the GCC and Iran (pp. 79-108). Palgrave Macmillan.
  45. Szalai, M. (2022). The Foreign Policy of Smaller Gulf States Size, Power, and Regime Stability in the Middle East. Routledge.
  46. Thomas, C., Blanchard, C. M., Sharp, J. M., & Arabia, C. L. (2020). Arms Sales in the Middle East: Trends and Analytical Perspectives for U.S. Policy. Congressional Research Service. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/R44984.pdf
  47. United Nations COMTRADE. (2022). https://comtrade.un.org/data/ [25.03.2023].
  48. Ulrichsen, K. C. (2015). Insecure Gulf: The End of Certainty and the Transition to the Post-Oil Era. Oxford University Press.
  49. Ulrichsen, K. C. (2022, March 22). The GCC and the Russia-Ukraine Crisis. Arab Center Washington DC. https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-gcc-and-the-russia-ukraine-crisis
  50. Wang, H. (2022, February 27). Saudi crown prince says kingdom still committed to OPEC+ oil agreement with Russia. S&P Global. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/022722-saudi-crown-prince-says-kingdom-still-committed-to-opec-oil-agreement-with-russia
  51. Yetiv, S., & Oskarsson, K. (2018). Challenged hegemony: The United States, China, and Russia in the Persian Gulf. Stanford University Press.
  52. Yom, S. L. (2018). Regimes, Identities, and Regional Order: Kuwait, Qatar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 1(14), 67-94.
  53. Zvyagelskaya, I. (2021). What’s Driving Russia’s Return to the Middle East? In N. Kozhanov (Ed.), Russia's Relations with the GCC and Iran (pp. 53-78). Palgrave Macmillan.