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Abstrakt
Niniejszy artykuł analizuje wpływ konfliktów z użyciem przemocy szczególnie na sytuację państw rachitycznych i upadających w regionie Afryki Subsaharyjskiej, a więc obszarze, który doświadczył największej liczby konfliktów zbrojnych i plasuje się wysoko w rankingach „Indeksu Państw Rachitycznych”. Niemniej jednak niniejsze badanie prezentuje korelację pomiędzy konfliktami z użyciem przemocy a potencjałem państwa i efektywnością jego struktur administracyjnych. Powyższe czynniki odgrywają istotną rolę w kształtowaniu konstruktywnej strategii politycznej i rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest analiza złożonej sieci czynników przyczynowo-skutkowych wpływających na sytuację krajów Afryki Subsaharyjskiej dotkniętych konfliktem zbrojnym. W kontekście tych analiz podstawowe pytanie badawcze dotyczy zagadnień konfliktów zbrojnych i zagrożeń, jakie one niosą dla instytucji państwa rachitycznego i jego możliwości rozwojowych. Powyższe zagadnienia odnoszą się również do kwestii kształtowania pokoju oraz stabilności społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej państw rachitycznych poprzez wspieranie polityki rozwojowej, „rządów prawa” oraz transformacji ustrojowej opartej na zasadach dobrosąsiedzkiej współpracy i rozwoju.
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2023 Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Miedzynarodowe.
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Bibliografia
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- Arndt, C., McKay, A., & Tarp, F. (Eds.). (2016). Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa (UNU-WIDER Studies in Development Economics). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744795.001.0001
- Babajide, A., Ahmad, A. H., & Coleman, S. (2021). Violent conflicts and state capacity: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Government and Economics, 3, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2021.100019
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- Borges, M., & Santos, S. J. (2009). The Political Project of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Gaining Settings and Minds. Portuguese Journal of International Affairs, (2), 70–79. Accessed: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/81325/1/The%20political%20project%20of%20post-conflict%20reconstruction.pdf [10.05.2023].
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- Chesterman, S. (2005). Transitional Administration, State-Building and the United Nation. In S. Chesterman, M. Ignatieff, & R. Chandra (Eds.), Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance (pp. 339–387). United Nations University Press.
- Cingolani, L., Thomsson, K., & De Crombrugghe, D. (2015). Minding Weber More Than Ever? The Impacts of State-Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy on Development Goals. World Development, 72, 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.016
- Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford University Press.
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- Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2002). Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-Conflict Societies (Policy Research Working Paper 2902). The World Bank. Accessed: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/9b49f4e8-0011-547e-9e69-b55cdc013822 [16.05.2023].
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- Da Câmara Gomes, S., & Ferreira, P. M. (2001). The European Union’s Political and Development Response to Burundi (ECDPM Discussion Paper No. 29). European Centre for Development Policy Management. Accessed: https://ecdpm.org/work/the-european-unions-political-and-development-response-to-burundi [16.05.2023].
- De Waal, A. (2009). Mission without End? Peacekeeping in the African Political Marketplace. International Affairs, 85(1), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00783.x
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- Duffield, M. (2014). Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. Zed Books.
- Engberg-Pedersen, L., Andersen, L., & Stepputat, F. (2008). Fragile Situations: Current Debates and Central Dilemmas (DIIS REPORT 9). Danish Institute for International Studies. Accessed: https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/61273/R2008_9_Fragile_Situations.pdf [12.05.2023].
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- Gilligan, J. (1997). Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. Vintage Books.
- Goodhand, J., & Hulme, D. (1999). From Wars to Complex Political Emergencies: Understanding Conflict and Peace-Building in the New World Disorder. Third World Quarterly, 20(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913893
- Guhan, S. (1998). World Bank on Governance: A Critique. Economic and Political Weekly, 33(4), 185–190. Accessed: https://www.epw.in/journal/1998/4/special-articles/world-bank-governance-critique.html [11.05.2023].
- Guillaumont, P., & Guillaumont-Jeanneney, S. (2009). State fragility and economic vulnerability: what is measured and why?. CERDI (Etudes et Documents 18). Accessed: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00554284/document [15.05.2023].
- Harttgen, K., & Klasen, S. (2010). Fragility and the MDG Progress: How Useful is the Fragility Concept? (EUI RSCAS Working Papers 20). European University Institute. Accessed: https://hdl.handle.net/1814/13585 [14.05.2023].
- Hoeffler, A., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2003). Measuring the Costs of Conflict. Accessed: https://v1.cepa.lk/content_images/publications/documents/1005-S-Hoeffler%20and%20Reynal-Measuring%20the%20Costs%20of%20Conflict.pdf [09.05.2023].
- Howard, T. (2014). Failed States and the Origins of Violence. Routledge.
- Hutchinson, A., & Alexander, L. (2005). Developing an EU Strategy to Address Fragile States: Priorities for the UK Presidency of the EU in 2005. Executive Summary. Saferworld & International Alert. Accessed: https://www.international-alert.org/app/uploads/2021/09/Institutions-EU-Fragile-States-Strategy-XSum-EN-2005.pdf [15.05.2023].
- Kaldor, M. (2012). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford University Press.
- Kasfir, N. (2004). Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas, and Violent Predation: Causes of Failure. In R. Rotberg (Ed.), When States Fail, Causes and Consequences (pp. 53–76). Princeton University Press.
- Krause, K., & Jütersonke, O. (2007). Seeking out the State: Fragile States and International Governance. Politorbis. Zeitchrift für Aussenpolitik, 42(1), 5–12. Accessed: https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/mehrsprachig/documents/publications/Politorbis/politorbis-42_de.pdf [10.05.2023].
- Lyons, T. (2004). Transforming the Institutions of War: Post-Conflict Elections and the Reconstruction of Failed States. In: R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), When States Fail, Causes and Consequences (pp. 269–301). Princeton University Press.
- Martin-Shields, C. P., & Stojetz, W. (2019). Food security and conflict: empirical challenges and future opportunities for research and policymaking on food security and conflict. World Development, 119, 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.011
- McDonnell, E. M. (2020). Patchwork Leviathan: Pockets of Bureaucratic Effectiveness in Developing States. Princeton University Press.
- Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O., & Woodhouse, T. (2005). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts (2nd edition). Polity Press.
- Migdal, J. (2001). The State in Society. Cambridge University Press.
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Bibliografia
Acemoglu, D. (2005). Politics and Economics in Weak and Strong States (Working Paper 11275). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w11275
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
Adelaja, A., & George, J. (2019). Effects of conflict on agriculture: evidence from the Boko Haram insurgency. World Development, 117, 184–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.010
Arndt, C., McKay, A., & Tarp, F. (Eds.). (2016). Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa (UNU-WIDER Studies in Development Economics). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744795.001.0001
Babajide, A., Ahmad, A. H., & Coleman, S. (2021). Violent conflicts and state capacity: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Government and Economics, 3, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jge.2021.100019
Bayart, J–F. (2000). Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion. African Affairs, 99(395), 217–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/99.395.217
Bayart, J–F. (2004). Le Gouvernement du Monde: Une Critique Politique de la Globalisation. Fayard.
Bertocchi, G., & Guerzoni, A. (2010). The Fragile Definition of State Fragility. Center for Economic Research University of Modena. Accessed: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227488253_The_Fragile_Definition_of_State_Fragility [14.07.2022].
Besley, T., & Persson, T. (2008). Wars and state-capacity. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(23), 522–530. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.522
Binningsbø, H. M. (2005). Consociational Democracy and Postconflict Peace: Will Power-Sharing Institutions Increase the Probability of Lasting Peace after Civil War? (Paper presented at the 13th Annual National Political Science Conference, Norway, 5-7 January 2005).
Blattman, C., & Miguel, E. (2010). Civil War. Journal of Economic Literature, 48(1), 3–57. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.1.3
Borges, M., & Santos, S. J. (2009). The Political Project of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Gaining Settings and Minds. Portuguese Journal of International Affairs, (2), 70–79. Accessed: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/81325/1/The%20political%20project%20of%20post-conflict%20reconstruction.pdf [10.05.2023].
Carment, D., Prest, S., & Samy, Y. (2008). Determinants of State Fragility and Implications for Aid Allocation: An Assessment Based on the Country Indicators for Foreign Policy Project. Conflict Management and Peace Science (Research Paper No. 46). United Nations University World Institute for Development and Economics Research. Accessed: https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/rp2008-46.pdf [10.05.2023].
Chesterman, S. (2005). Transitional Administration, State-Building and the United Nation. In S. Chesterman, M. Ignatieff, & R. Chandra (Eds.), Making States Work: State Failure and the Crisis of Governance (pp. 339–387). United Nations University Press.
Cingolani, L., Thomsson, K., & De Crombrugghe, D. (2015). Minding Weber More Than Ever? The Impacts of State-Capacity and Bureaucratic Autonomy on Development Goals. World Development, 72, 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.02.016
Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford University Press.
Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2000). Greed and Grievance in Civil War (Policy Research Working Paper 2355). The World Bank. Accessed: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/359271468739530199/pdf/multi-page.pdf [16.05.2023].
Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2002). Aid, Policy and Growth in Post-Conflict Societies (Policy Research Working Paper 2902). The World Bank. Accessed: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/9b49f4e8-0011-547e-9e69-b55cdc013822 [16.05.2023].
Collier, P., & Venables, A. (2010). Natural Resources and State Fragility (EUI RSCAS Working Papers 36). European University Institute. Accessed: https://hdl.handle.net/1814/13860 [15.05.2023].
Da Câmara Gomes, S., & Ferreira, P. M. (2001). The European Union’s Political and Development Response to Burundi (ECDPM Discussion Paper No. 29). European Centre for Development Policy Management. Accessed: https://ecdpm.org/work/the-european-unions-political-and-development-response-to-burundi [16.05.2023].
De Waal, A. (2009). Mission without End? Peacekeeping in the African Political Marketplace. International Affairs, 85(1), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00783.x
Department for International Development. (2005). Why we Need to Work More Effectively in Fragile States. Accessed: https://gsdrc.org/document-library/why-we-need-to-work-more-effectively-in-fragile-states/ [15.05.2023].
Duffield, M. (2014). Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. Zed Books.
Engberg-Pedersen, L., Andersen, L., & Stepputat, F. (2008). Fragile Situations: Current Debates and Central Dilemmas (DIIS REPORT 9). Danish Institute for International Studies. Accessed: https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/61273/R2008_9_Fragile_Situations.pdf [12.05.2023].
Fragile States Index 2022. (2022). Annual Report. The Fund for Peace. Accessed: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/22-FSI-Report-Final.pdf [18.06.2023].
Gilligan, J. (1997). Violence: Reflections on a National Epidemic. Vintage Books.
Goodhand, J., & Hulme, D. (1999). From Wars to Complex Political Emergencies: Understanding Conflict and Peace-Building in the New World Disorder. Third World Quarterly, 20(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913893
Guhan, S. (1998). World Bank on Governance: A Critique. Economic and Political Weekly, 33(4), 185–190. Accessed: https://www.epw.in/journal/1998/4/special-articles/world-bank-governance-critique.html [11.05.2023].
Guillaumont, P., & Guillaumont-Jeanneney, S. (2009). State fragility and economic vulnerability: what is measured and why?. CERDI (Etudes et Documents 18). Accessed: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00554284/document [15.05.2023].
Harttgen, K., & Klasen, S. (2010). Fragility and the MDG Progress: How Useful is the Fragility Concept? (EUI RSCAS Working Papers 20). European University Institute. Accessed: https://hdl.handle.net/1814/13585 [14.05.2023].
Hoeffler, A., & Reynal-Querol, M. (2003). Measuring the Costs of Conflict. Accessed: https://v1.cepa.lk/content_images/publications/documents/1005-S-Hoeffler%20and%20Reynal-Measuring%20the%20Costs%20of%20Conflict.pdf [09.05.2023].
Howard, T. (2014). Failed States and the Origins of Violence. Routledge.
Hutchinson, A., & Alexander, L. (2005). Developing an EU Strategy to Address Fragile States: Priorities for the UK Presidency of the EU in 2005. Executive Summary. Saferworld & International Alert. Accessed: https://www.international-alert.org/app/uploads/2021/09/Institutions-EU-Fragile-States-Strategy-XSum-EN-2005.pdf [15.05.2023].
Kaldor, M. (2012). New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era. Stanford University Press.
Kasfir, N. (2004). Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas, and Violent Predation: Causes of Failure. In R. Rotberg (Ed.), When States Fail, Causes and Consequences (pp. 53–76). Princeton University Press.
Krause, K., & Jütersonke, O. (2007). Seeking out the State: Fragile States and International Governance. Politorbis. Zeitchrift für Aussenpolitik, 42(1), 5–12. Accessed: https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/mehrsprachig/documents/publications/Politorbis/politorbis-42_de.pdf [10.05.2023].
Lyons, T. (2004). Transforming the Institutions of War: Post-Conflict Elections and the Reconstruction of Failed States. In: R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), When States Fail, Causes and Consequences (pp. 269–301). Princeton University Press.
Martin-Shields, C. P., & Stojetz, W. (2019). Food security and conflict: empirical challenges and future opportunities for research and policymaking on food security and conflict. World Development, 119, 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.011
McDonnell, E. M. (2020). Patchwork Leviathan: Pockets of Bureaucratic Effectiveness in Developing States. Princeton University Press.
Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O., & Woodhouse, T. (2005). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts (2nd edition). Polity Press.
Migdal, J. (2001). The State in Society. Cambridge University Press.
OECD. (2013). Fragile States 2013: Resource Flows and Trends in a Shifting World. DAC International Network on Conflict and Fragility. Accessed: https://www.oecd.org/development/resourceflowstofragilestates.htm [10.05.2023].
Otterbein, K. F. (2009). The Anthropology of War. Waveland Pr Inc.
Pašagić, A. (2020). Failed States and Terrorism, Justifiability of Transnational Interventions from a Counterterrorism Perspective. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(3), 19–28. Accessed: https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/import/pdf/pasagic.pdf [11.05.2023].
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